pátek 29. ledna 2010

Právny realizmus Olivera Wendella Holmesa


Oliver Wendell Holmes jr. (1841-1935) je považovaný za zakladajúceho predstaviteľa amerického právneho realizmu. Podstatné myšlienky svojho právneho pohľadu na svet sformuloval už na začiatku svojej prvej a jedinej knihy "The Common Law" (1881):

"Život práva nejde podľa logiky: je odrazom praktickej skúsenosti. Pociťovaný nedostatok času, vplyvné etické a politické teórie, intuícia vo veciach verejných, dokonca aj predsudky, ktoré majú spoločné sudcovia so svojimi kolegami, to všetko, či už zrejme, alebo nevedome, má väčší význam ako sylogizmus určujúci pravidlá, podľa ktorých sa ľudia majú správať. Právo stelesňuje životný príbeh vývoja štátu (národa) počas mnohých storočí a nemôžeme ho chápať len ako súbor axióm a dôsledkov, ako z nejakej knihy o matematike. Na to, aby sme mohli poznať, čo to vlastne je, musíme vedieť, aké bolo a akým sa pravdepodobne stane. Musíme sa teda zaoberať striedavo históriou a existujúcimi teóriami zákonodarstva. Avšak najťažšou úlohou je pochopiť práve premenu kombinácie týchto dvoch do novej právnej úpravy na každom stupni vývoja. Podstata práva v akomkoľvek čase takmer dokonale zodpovedá tomu, čo je vtedy chápané ako vyhovujúce; na druhej strane jeho konkrétna podoba, fungovanie a stupeň toho, ako dokáže naplniť želané výsledky, vo veľkom závisí od jeho minulosti."

Tento citát excerpuje okrem esencie právneho realizmu tiež pohľad na históriu práva, ktorý koncom 19. storočia zastávali viacerí právni vedci (napr. J. B. Ames, M. M. Bigelow, J. C. Carter, J. B. Thayer). História v ich perspektíve mapuje proces vývoja v čase, základom jej skúmania je štát (národ). Poznanie histórie práva nám umožňuje lepšie porozumieť jeho súčasnej podobe a tiež anticipovať jeho možné zmeny. Právo totiž nevzniká ani prirodzenoprávnou cestou, a nemožno ho ani organicky odôvodňovať na základe formálnej logiky.

44 komentářů:

Tomáš Sobek řekl(a)...

Pro jistotu doplňuji, že Holmes se nevymezoval vůči logice, jak ji chápeme dnes, o té nevěděl vůbec nic, ale vůči aristotelské sylogistice.

Matěj řekl(a)...

Citát:
"Právo totiž nevzniká ani prirodzenoprávnou cestou ..."
-------

Osobně bych se ovšem dost divil, kdyby nějaký historický iusnaturalista tvrdil, že (platné) právo "vzniká přirozenoprávní cestou"; podle mě tvrdili hlavně to, že lze "již samotným rozumem" vyvodit určitý soubor principů a pravidel, které vedou - vzhledem k povaze světa a "přirozené podstatě" člověka - k "nejlepším výsledkům", resp. nejlépe slouží obecnému blahu.

Tomáš Sobek řekl(a)...

Ad Matěj

Máš pravdu. Právní naturalisté si kladou jinou základní otázku než právní pozitivisté. Zatímco pozitivista se primárně zabývá platností práva (Na základě čeho je něco právo?), naturalista se primárně zabývá morální závazností práva (Jaké právo je dost dobré, aby mě zavazovalo?).

Jakub Barták řekl(a)...

Jen dodávám, že Tomáš nemá na mysli, že by se Holmes vymezoval přímo vůči logice jako takové.

Pár lidí tady na blogu uvedlo, že se těší na Tomášovu knihu Nemorální právo. (Kde se zabývá i právním realismem.) Tady je link na Aleše Čenka: http://www.alescenek.cz/detail/nemoralni-pravo:300012:580985.html

Tomáš Sobek řekl(a)...

Redaktorka tvrdí, že obálka té knihy je fialová, ale já mám pocit, že je modrá. Těžko říct, jestli jinak vidíme, nebo máme jinak vymezené pojmy. :)

Jakub Barták řekl(a)...

:) No určitě je fialová. (Je podobná krávě Milce a ta je přece fialová!:)) To s těmi barvami by mohlo nahradit Hegelovu filozofii vyučovanou na středních školách v rámci ZSV. Stejně Hegelovi nerozumí studenti ani učitelé:)

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Žijem v Spojených štátoch. Pred dvoma rokmi som sa oženil s dámou menom Melena, mali sme spolu dve deti, boli sme veľmi šťastní, že sme manželia, takže keď cestujem na služobnú cestu do Brazílie, strávil som v Brazílii 1 rok. môj druh podnikania, ja a moja žena sme sa neustále rozprávali po telefóne, rozprávali sme sa na internete, nikdy som nevedel, že ma moja žena začala podvádzať tým, že som chodil so svojím priateľom zo starej školy menom Mark, nikdy som nevedel, že niečo ide zle, kým som sa nevrátil z mojej cesty, potom sme s manželkou začali mať problémy, chodí von a vracia sa neskoro v noci, zmenila sa zvláštnym spôsobom, ktorý som nevydržal, snažil som sa urobiť všetko pre to, aby som ju potešil, ale to zhoršilo sa, tak jedného dňa odišla z domu a už sa nevrátila, pokúsila som sa ju osloviť, ale nijako som sa k nej nedostala, nikdy som nevedela, že cestovala so svojím novým milencom, ktorým bol Mark, veľmi som ju chcela kvôli deťom, ktoré ona odišiel pre mňa a pretože som ju tiež tak veľmi miloval, kvôli zlomeniu srdca, do ktorého ma dala, som vošiel hľadanie skutočného čarodejníckeho kúzla Bol som dvakrát podvedený kúzelníckym čarodejníkom, ale nikdy som pri hľadaní neochabol, pretože chcem šťastný život so svojou ženou, takže jedného rána som videl svedectvo o čarodejníckom kúzle Dr. Adeleke, takže som ho kontaktoval cez whatsapp : (+27740386124) a na e-mail: (abba5019@gmail.com) na moje najväčšie prekvapenie urobil pre mňa život opäť mužným, moja žena sa vrátila ku mne, vzal som ju späť a ja som teraz s manželkou vyrovnaný kúzelníkom